本文目录
- legal这个单词怎样记
- 恳求翻译万分感激！！！
- 美国《独立宣言》原文及翻译
- 解释一下
- 美国《独立宣言》全文
- 美国独立宣言译文及其原文
- legislature什么意思
- 关于议会制的英文翻译，最好有原文如题 谢谢了
- legislation与legislature的意思有何差别
- “building“是什么意思
legal这个单词怎样记
Legal合法的怎么记？——《秒杀中高考单词》研习群②Brainstorm马老师在《秒杀中高考单词》研习群②中问：“legal怎么记？”记法一、leg是腿，al是后缀的。人正不怕影子歪，行得正，走得直，就是合法的。记法二、词根Leg＝law ，单词legal＝lawful。拓展1、legal 法律的；合法的；法定的；法律（上）的； 法定权利；依法必须登报的声明；拓展2、illegal 不合法的，违法的；违反规则的； 非法移民，非法劳工；间谍；拓展3、delegate 代表，代表团成员； 委派代表；授权给；[法律]债务转移；拓展4、relegate 使降级；使降职；转移；把…归类；拓展5、legislate 立法，制定法律；〈美〉以立法程序创立；拓展6、legislation 立法，制定法律；法律，法规；拓展7、legislature 立法机关；立法机构；立法部；（特指）州议会；拓展8、illegitimate 非婚生的，私生的；法律不容的；（指辩论等的结论）不合逻辑的； 非嫡出子；拓展9、illegitimacy 不法；私生；反常；不合逻辑；拓展10、legality 合法性；墨守法规；法律上的义务；阿晨老师评曰：脚杆（leg ）扯不过大腿（thigh）。因为大腿（t+high）比较脚杆high，所以不要和 Legstrong或者Thigh 讲法律。八字衙门大打开，有理无钱莫进来。Leg是law要牢记，赢了官司输了财。
恳求翻译万分感激！！！
人工翻译,保证质量.有一个建议:制定法译成statutory law似乎好一些.因为你题目中给的是enacted law,所以我尊重了你的翻译.还有,在judge和made之间加个连词符比较好;另,个人认为,引号没有必要加.还有题目中的介词和连词不大写,between我改过来了.其他的专业词汇应该不会出太大的差错,呵呵,因为我也是法学专业的.===============================================法官造法和制定法的比较 Comparison between “Judge Made“ Law and “Enacted“ Law法官造法通常也称为“司法者造法”、 “判例法”或“不成文法”，是指由司法人员通过审判具体案件而制定出适用于个案的法律。In general, judge-made law is also called judiciary-made law, case law and unwritten law, which means judicial functionaries formulate laws applied to individual cases by adjudicating specific lawsuits.制定法通常也称为“立法者造法”或“成文法”，是指由国家的立法机关按照一定程序制定出在社会中普遍适用的法律。Enacted law is usually considered as legislator-made law and written law, which indicates the legislative body of the nation institutes laws universally applied in society according to certain procedures.法官造法和制定法各有长短，现将这两者简单比较如下： Both judge-made law and enacted law have advantages and disadvantages respectively, and comparisons are simply put forward as follows:一、 Ⅰ制定法的着眼点是全社会的普遍情况，因此有利于保障法律的普遍适用性和相对稳定性；而法官造法的着眼点是个案的具体情况，因此可以更好地保障法律的个别适用性和灵活适用性。Enacted law helps to maintain the universal applicability and relative stability of law, the respect of which is the general conditions of the whole society, while judge-made law takes more advantages in particular and flexible applicability of law, focusing on specific situations of individual cases.二、Ⅱ法官造法属于个人造法，它比较容易受到法官的成见、好恶、情感、能力等个人因素的影响；而对于制定法，由于立法机关一般都是由民选代表组成的，在社会中具有广泛的代表性，而且立法者要按照民主的方式和程序集体造法，所以能更好地反映人民的意志。因此，制定法比法官造法更具有权威性和统一性。Judge-made law is individualistic which is more likely to be influenced by personal elements such as prejudice, likes and dislikes, emotions and capabilities of the judges. On the contrary, enacted law can express the will of the people, as the legislative body, establishing laws in terms of democratic methods and procedures, is usually composed of delegates who are broadly representative in society. Hence enacted law is more authoritative and more integrative than judge-made law.但是，也正因为立法者造法需要通过复杂的程序来集思广益，所以效率比较低；而司法者造法的效率则比较高。 However, the complicated proceedings needed in enacted law also lead to lower efficiency compared with judge-made law.三、 Ⅲ制定法往往过于原则化、抽象化，法官手中掌有太大的自由裁量权，法院判决的随意性太大；而法官造法的规定则往往比制定法的规定更为具体详细，它可以更有效地限制法官个人的自由裁量权，防止法官在审判中把个人的成见、情感等因素作为判决的依据，从而更好地维护社会正义和实现司法公正。Enacted law is usually of excessive principle and abstraction, and thus over-discretion is endowed to judges, which results in great arbitrariness of court judgment; whereas regulations in judge-made law are more specific and detailed, which prevents judges taking personal prejudices and emotions as the basis of adjudication by effectively restricting discretion of judges, thereby protecting social justice and achieving judicial fairness.当然，若法官随意造法，就等于否定了立法的作用。如果法官可以超越甚至抛弃现行法律的精神和原则，随心所欲地创造法律，那就会导致司法越权甚至司法专横，这将会使法官的权力过大而使公民的权利随时面临着法官新造之法的威胁。 Indeed, judges’ making law at random means denial of the functions of legislation. If judges can create laws at will beyond or even discarding the spirits and principles of present laws, authority-exceeding as far as arbitrariness of judicature will occur, which over-magnifies the power of judges with civil rights open to the threats of new judge-made law all the time.四、 Ⅳ立法滞后于社会发展是一种必然现象，特别是当一个国家处于社会转型和重大变革的时期。因为立法者立法时的预见力和表达力是有限的，所以制定法中存在一些漏洞或空白也是不可避免的。 It is inevitable that legislation appears delayed behind the social development, especially in the period of social transformation and critical reformation for a country. Since the legislator is limited in the capabilities of prediction and expression, flaws and blanks are unavoidable in enacted law.五、 Ⅴ造法的实质在于发现法的规律和精神，衡量法律好坏的标准不应该看它是谁造的，而应该看其是否符合法的基本精神和客观规律。 Since the essence of creating law depends on the discovery of principles and spirits accumulated in law, it is not who makes the law but whether the law answers for the fundamental spirits and objective principles that decides the quality of law.综上所述不难看出，在发挥法的作用，维护社会正义和实现司法公正的总体过程中，我们不能片面地断定孰优孰劣。我认为，采取以制定法为主以法官造法为辅才是一种比较合理造法模式。As mentioned above, it is obvious that we are not supposed to be single-faceted in determining which is better in the long run of taking law into effect to protect social justice and achieve judicial fairness. I believe it a more rational mode of law-making to give priority to enacted law with judge-made law as supplement. --------------------------------whole passageComparison between “Judge Made“ Law and “Enacted“ LawIn general, judge-made law is also called judiciary-made law, case law and unwritten law, which means judicial functionaries formulate laws applied to individual cases by adjudicating specific lawsuits.Enacted law is usually considered as legislator-made law and written law, which indicates the legislative body of the nation institutes laws universally applied in society according to certain procedures.Both judge-made law and enacted law have advantages and disadvantages respectively, and comparisons are simply put forward as follows:ⅠEnacted law helps to maintain the universal applicability and relative stability of law, the respect of which is the general conditions of the whole society, while judge-made law takes more advantages in particular and flexible applicability of law, focusing on specific situations of individual cases.ⅡJudge-made law is individualistic which is more likely to be influenced by personal elements such as prejudice, likes and dislikes, emotions and capabilities of the judges. On the contrary, enacted law can express the will of the people, as the legislative body, establishing laws in terms of democratic methods and procedures, is usually composed of delegates who are broadly representative in society. Hence enacted law is more authoritative and more integrative than judge-made law.However, the complicated proceedings needed in enacted law also lead to lower efficiency compared with judge-made law.ⅢEnacted law is usually of excessive principle and abstraction, and thus over-discretion is endowed to judges, which results in great arbitrariness of court judgment; whereas regulations in judge-made law are more specific and detailed, which prevents judges taking personal prejudices and emotions as the basis of adjudication by effectively restricting discretion of judges, thereby protecting social justice and achieving judicial fairness.Indeed, judges’ making law at random means denial of the functions of legislation. If judges can create laws at will beyond or even discarding the spirits and principles of present laws, authority-exceeding as far as arbitrariness of judicature will occur, which over-magnifies the power of judges with civil rights open to the threats of new judge-made law all the time.ⅣIt is inevitable that legislation appears delayed behind the social development, especially in the period of social transformation and critical reformation for a country. Since the legislator is limited in the capabilities of prediction and expression, flaws and blanks are unavoidable in enacted law.ⅤSince the essence of creating law depends on the discovery of principles and spirits accumulated in law, it is not who makes the law but whether the law answers for the fundamental spirits and objective principles that decides the quality of law.As mentioned above, it is obvious that we are not supposed to be single-faceted in determining which is better in the long run of taking law into effect to protect social justice and achieve judicial fairness. I believe it a more rational mode of law-making to give priority to enacted law with judge-made law as supplement.
美国《独立宣言》原文及翻译
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
独立宣言
In Congress, July 4, 1776,
大陆会议（一七七六年七月四日）
THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
美利坚合众国十三个州一致通过的宣言
When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
在有关人类事务的发展过程中，当一个民族必须解除其和另一个与之有关的民族之间的政治联系，并在世界各国之间，接受自然法则和自然界的造物主的旨意赋予的独立和平等的地位时，出于对人类舆论的尊重，必须把他们不得不独立的原因予以宣布。
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.
他在我们中间煽动内乱，并且竭力挑唆那些残酷无情、没有开化的印第安人来杀掠我们边疆的居民；而众所周知，印第安人的作战律令是不分男女老幼，一律格杀勿论的。
In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
在这些压迫的每一阶段中，我们都是用最谦卑的言辞请愿改善；但屡次请求所得到的答复是屡次遭受损害。一个君主，当他的品格已打上了暴君行为的烙印时，是不配作自由人民的统治者的。
Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us.
We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpation, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.
我们不是没有注意我们英国的弟兄。我们时常提醒他们，他们的立法机关企图把无理的管辖权横加到我们的头上。
我们也曾把我们移民出这里和在这里定居的情形告诉他们。我们曾经向他们天生的正义感和雅量呼吁，我们恳求他们念在同种同宗的份上，弃绝这些掠夺行为，以免影响彼此的关系和往来。但是他们却对于这种正义和血缘的呼声一直充耳不闻。因此，我们实在不得不宣布和他们脱离，并且以对待世界上其它民族一样的态度对待他们：战即为敌；和则为友。
We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States;
that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.
因此，我们，在大陆会议上集会的美利坚合众国代表，以各殖民地善良人民的名义并经他们授权，向全世界最崇高的正义呼吁，说明我们的严正意向，同时郑重宣布；这些联合的殖民地是而且有权成为自由和独立的国家，它们取消一切对英国王室效忠的义务，它们和大不列颠国家之间的一切政治关系从此全部断绝，而且必须断绝；
作为自由独立的国家，它们完全有权宣战、缔和、结盟、通商和独立国家有权去做的一切行动。为了支持这篇宣言，我们坚决信赖上帝的庇佑，以我们的生命、我们的财产和我们神圣的名誉，彼此宣誓。
扩展资料
《独立宣言》由四部分组成：
第一部分为前言，阐述了宣言的目的。
第二部分高度概括了当时资产阶级最激进的政治思想，即自然权利学说和主权在民思想。
第三部分历数英国压迫北美殖民地人民的条条罪状，说明殖民地人民是在忍无可忍的情况下被迫拿起武器的，力陈独立的合法性和正义性。
在宣言的最后一部分，美利坚庄严宣告独立。《独立宣言》并非1776年7月4日签署的，7月4日是决议采用宣言的日期，之后进行了印刷。议会代表们大多于1776年8月2日签署本宣言。
解释一下
第一条出自美国宪法第一条第八款To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings；对于由某州让与且经国会通过的、用以充当合众国政府所在地的地区 (不超过十平方英里) ， 握有对其一切事务的全部立法权 ； 对于经州议会同意、向州政府购得，用以建筑要塞、弹药库、兵工厂、船坞和其它必要建筑物的地方，也握有同样的权力； 第二条出自肯尼迪就职演说unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world. 不愿目睹或听任我国（美国）一向保证的、今天仍在国内外作出保证的人权渐趋毁灭。第三条也是肯尼迪的演说United there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided there is little we can do, for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.我们如果团结一致，就能在许多合作事业中无往不胜：我们如果分歧对立，就会一事无成——因为我们不敢在争吵不休、四分五裂时迎接强大的挑战。
美国《独立宣言》全文
独立宣言 一七七六年七月四日 大陆会议 美利坚十三个联合邦一致通过的宣言 在有关人类事务的发展过程中，当一个民族必须解除其和另一个民族之间的政治联系，并在世界各国之间依照自然法则和自然神明 ，取得独立和平等的地位时，出於对人类公意的尊重，必须宣布他们不得不独立的原因。 我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的：造物者创造了平等的个人，并赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。为了保障这些权利，人们才在他们之间建立政府，而政府之正当权力，则来自被统治者的同意。任何形式的政府，只要破坏上述目的，人民就有权利改变或废除它，并建立新政府；新政府赖以奠基的原则，得以组织权力的方式，都要最大可能地增进民众的安全和幸福。的确，从慎重考虑，不应当由於轻微和短暂的原因而改变成立多年的政府。过去的一切经验也都说明，任何苦难，只要尚能忍受，人类都宁愿容忍，而无意废除他们久已习惯了的政府来恢复自身的权益。但是，当政府一贯滥用职权、强取豪夺，一成不变地追逐这一目标，足以证明它旨在把人民置於绝对专制统治之下时，那麽，人民就有权利，也有义务推翻这个政府，并为他们未来的安全建立新的保障－－这就是这些殖民地过去逆来顺受的情况，也是它们现在不得不改变以前政府制度的原因。当今大不列颠国王的历史，是一再损人利己和强取豪夺的历史，所有这些暴行的直接目的，就是想在这些邦建立一种绝对的暴政。为了证明所言属实，现把下列事实向公正的世界宣布。 他拒绝批准对公众利益最有益、最必要的法律。他禁止他的总督们批准急需和至关重要的法律，要不就把这些法律搁置起来暂等待他的同意；一旦这些法律被搁置起来，他就完全置之不理。 他拒绝批准允许将广大地区供民众垦殖的其他法律，除非那些人民情愿放弃自己在立法机关中的代表权；但这种权利对他们有无法估量的价值，只有暴君才畏惧这种权利。 他把各地立法机构召集到既不方便、也不舒适且远离公文档案保存地的地方去开会，其唯一的目的是使他们疲於奔命，顺从他的意旨。他一再解散各殖民地的议会，因为它们坚定果敢地反对他侵犯人民的各项权利。在解散各殖民地议会后，他又长时间拒绝另选新议会。但立法权是无法被取消的，因此这项权力已经回到广大人民手中并由他们来行使；其时各邦仍然险象环生，外有侵略之患，内有动乱之忧。 他竭力抑制各殖民地增加人囗，为此，他阻挠《外国人归化法律》的通过，拒绝批准其他鼓励外国人移居各邦的法律，并提高分配新土地的条件。 他拒绝批准建立司法权力的法律，藉以阻挠司法公正。他控制了法官的任期、薪金数额和支付，从而让法官完全从属于他个人的意志。他建立多种新的衙门，派遣蝗虫般多的官员，骚扰我们人民，并蚕食民脂民膏。在和平时期，未经我们立法机关的同意，他就在我们中间驻扎常备军。 他使军队独立於民政权力之外，并凌驾於民政权力之上。他同一些人勾结，把我们置於一种与我们的体制格格不入、且不为我们的法律认可的管辖之下；他还批准这些人炮制的假冒法案，来到达下述目的 : 在我们这里驻扎大批武装部队；用假审讯来包庇他们，使那些杀害我们各邦居民的谋杀者逍遥法外； 切断我们同世界各地的贸易；未经我们同意便向我们强行徵税；在许多案件中剥夺我们享有陪审团的权益；编造罪名把我们递解到海外去受审；在一个邻近地区 废除英国法律的自由制度，在那里建立专横政府，并扩大它的疆界，企图使之迅即成为一个样板和得心应手的工具，以便向这里的各殖民地推行同样的专制统治； 取消我们的特许状，废除我们最宝贵的法律，并且从根本上改变了我们的政府形式；中止我们自己的立法机构，宣称他们自己在任何情况下都有权为我们立法。他宣布我们已不在他的保护之下，并向我们开战，从而放弃了这里的政权。他在我们的海域大肆掠夺，蹂躏我们的海岸，焚烧我们的市镇，残害我们人民的生命。此时他正在运送大批外国佣兵来完成屠杀、破坏和肆虐的勾当，这种勾当早就开始，其残酷卑劣甚至在最野蛮的时代也难出其右。他完全不配做一个文明国家的元首。他强迫在公海被他俘虏的我们公民同胞充军，反对自己的国家，成为残杀自己朋友和亲人的创子手，或是死於自己朋友和亲人的手下。 他在我们中间煽动内乱，并且竭力挑唆那些残酷无情的印第安人来杀掠我们边疆的居民。众所周知，印第安人的作战方式是不分男女老幼，一律格杀勿论。 在这些压迫的每一阶段中，我们都曾用最谦卑的言辞请求救济， 但我们一再的请愿求所得到的答覆却是一再的伤害。这样，一个君主，在其品行格已打上了可以看作是暴君行为的烙印时，便不配做自由人民的统治者。 我们不是没有顾念我们英国的弟兄。我们一再警告过他们，他们的立法机关企图把无理的管辖权横加到我们的头上。我们也提醒过他们，我们移民并定居来这里的状况。我们曾经呼唤他们天生的正义感和侠肝义胆，我们恳切陈词，请他们念在同文同种的份上，弃绝这些必然会破坏我们彼此关系和往来的无理掠夺。对於这种来自正义和基于血缘的呼声，他们却也同样置若罔闻。迫不得已，我们不得不宣布和他们分离。我们会以对待其他民族一样的态度对待他们：战时是仇敌，平时是朋友。 因此，我们，集合在大陆会议下的美利坚联合邦的代表，为我们各项正当意图，吁请全世界最崇高的正义：以各殖民地善良人民的名义并经他们授权，我们极为庄严地宣布，这些联合一致的殖民地从此成为、而且是名正言顺地成为自由和独立的国家；它们解除效忠英国王室的一切义务，它们和大不列颠国家之间的一切政治关系从此全部断绝，而且必须断绝；作为自由独立的国家，它们完全有权宣战、媾和、结盟、通商和采取独立国家理应采取和处理的一切行动和事宜。为了强化这篇宣言，我们怀着深信神明保佑的信念，谨以我们的生命、财富和神圣的荣誉，相互保证，共同宣誓。 翻译:任东来 任东来在《美国历史文献选集》的译文（中国翻译出版公司翻译，美国驻华大使馆新闻文化处出版，1985）和《1765－－1917年的美国》的译文（谢德风等选译，北京三联书店，1957）基础上重译。 作者： 月漂星海 2005-4-25 09:52 回复此发言 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 回复：《独立宣言》全文 THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE July 4, 1776 In Congress, July 4, 1776, THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to the m shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Des potism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. 作者： 月漂星海 2005-4-25 09:52 回复此发言 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 回复：《独立宣言》全文 He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws of Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands . He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers. He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our People, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures. He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation: For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States: For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world: For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent: For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury: For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences: For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into t hese Colonies: For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments: For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the Lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the H ead of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands. 作者： 月漂星海 2005-4-25 09:52 回复此发言 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 回复：《独立宣言》全文 He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and sett lement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf t o the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends. We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Bri tain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. An d for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor. JOHN HANCOCK, President Attested, CHARLES THOMSON, Secretary New Hampshire: JOSIAH BARTLETT, WILLIAM WHIPPLE, MATTHEW THORNTON Massachusetts-Bay: SAMUEL ADAMS, JOHN ADAMS, ROBERT TREAT PAINE, ELBRIDGE GERRY Rhode Island: STEPHEN HOPKINS, WILLIAM ELLERY Connecticut: ROGER SHERMAN, SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, WILLIAM WILLIAMS, OLIVER WOLCOTT Georgia: BUTTON GWINNETT, LYMAN HALL, GEO. WALTON Maryland: SAMUEL CHASE, WILLIAM PACA, THOMAS STONE, CHARLES CARROLL OF CARROLLTON Virginia: GEORGE WYTHE, RICHARD HENRY LEE, THOMAS JEFFERSON, BENJAMIN HARRISON, THOMAS NELSON, JR., FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE, CARTER BRAXTON. New York: WILLIAM FLOYD, PHILIP LIVINGSTON, FRANCIS LEWIS, LEWIS MORRIS Pennsylvania: ROBERT MORRIS, BENJAMIN RUSH, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, JOHN MORTON, GEORGE CLYMER, JAMES SMITH, GEORGE TAYLOR, JAMES WILSON, GEORGE ROSS Delaware: CAESAR RODNEY, GEORGE READ, THOMAS M’KEAN North Carolina: WILLIAM HOOPER, JOSEPH HEWES, JOHN PENN South Carolina: EDWARD RUTLEDGE, THOMAS HEYWARD, JR., THOMAS LYNCH, JR., ARTHUR MIDDLETON New Jersey: RICHARD STOCKTON, JOHN WITHERSPOON, FRANCIS HOPKINS, JOHN HART, ABRAHAM CLARK ------------------------------------ Prepared by Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300) Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN).
美国独立宣言译文及其原文
1776年7月4日北美原十三个英属殖民地一致通过的《独立宣言》原文。
在有关人类事务的发展过程中，当一个民族必须解除其和另一个民族之间的政治联系。
并在世界各国之间依照自然法则和上帝的意旨，接受独立和平等的地位时，出于人类舆论的尊重。
必须把他们不得不独立的原因予以宣布。我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的。
人人生而平等，造物者赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。
为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们之间建立政府，而政府之正当权力，是经被治理者的同意而产生的。
当任何形式的政府对这些目标具破坏作用时，人民便有权力改变或废除它，以建立一个新的政府。
其赖以奠基的原则，其组织权力的方式，务使人民认为唯有这样才最可能获得他们的安全和幸福。
为了慎重起见，成立多年的政府，是不应当由于轻微和短暂的原因而予以变更的。
过去的一切经验也都说明，任何苦难，只要是尚能忍受，人类都宁愿容忍，而无意为了本身的权益便废除他们久已习惯了的政府。
但是，当追逐同一目标的一连串滥用职权和强取豪夺发生，证明政府企图把人民置于专制统治之下时。
那么人民就有权利，也有义务推翻这个政府，并为他们未来的安全建立新的保障。
这就是这些殖民地过去逆来顺受的情况，也是它们现在不得不改变以前政府制度的原因。
当今大不列颠国王的历史，是接连不断的伤天害理和强取豪夺的历史，这些暴行的唯一目标。
就是想在这些州建立专制的暴政。为了证明所言属实，现把下列事实向公正的世界宣布。他拒绝批准对公众利益最有益、最必要的法律。他禁止他的总督们批准迫切而极为必要的法律，要不就把这些法律搁置起来暂不生效，等待他的同意；而一旦这些法律被搁置起来，他对它们就完全置之不理。他拒绝批准便利广大地区人民的其它法律，除非那些人民情愿放弃自己在立法机关中的代表权。
但这种权利对他们有无法估量的价值，而且只有暴君才畏惧这种权利。他把各州立法团体召集到异乎寻常的、极为不便的、远离它们档案库的地方去开会，唯一的目的是使他们疲于奔命，不得不顺从他的意旨。
legislature什么意思
柯林斯英汉双解大辞典legislature /ˈlɛdʒɪsˌleɪtʃə/ 1.可数名词 The legislature of a particular state or country is the group of people in it who have the power to make and pass laws. 立法机构; 议会例：The proposals before the legislature include the creation of two special courts to deal exclusively with violent crimes.摆在议会面前的提案包括建立两个特殊法庭专门审理暴力犯罪案件。
关于议会制的英文翻译，最好有原文如题 谢谢了
1. Government officials (Prime Minister / Prime Minister) by the legislature as leader of the largest political party in order to ensure that government policies are supported in the legislature 2. All cabinet members of the government is also produced from the members of Parliament, Members Members gradually with the ruling to avoid the real social disconnect 3. the executive and legislative bodies have ties can improve government efficiency and to avoid the coup 4. competent head of government can be limited to term 5. Although the term of limitation, but the legislature may at any time remove incompetent heads of government, not the President system has not step down before the expiry of the shortcomings of its 6. To save a huge election expenses 7. Implement a parliamentary majority of successful countries 8. Is the separation of powers among the executive and the legislature to resolve the conflict between one of the methods (in the parliamentary system under the leadership of the executive from the legislature majority. executive, legislation does not completely separated. is generally believed that the modern, successful and stable liberal democratic political system do not necessarily require complete separation of powers. In fact, in addition to Zhengdang no serious conflict the United States, all democratic Pian Shi Yong Kai Shi presidential system of the country, their first attempt at democracy ended in failure. contrary to parliamentary success rate was higher)
legislation与legislature的意思有何差别
legislation英 [ˌledʒɪsˈleɪʃn] 美 [ˌlɛdʒɪˈsleʃən]n.立法，制定法律; 法律，法规 The new industrial relations legislation curbed the power of the unions. 新的劳资关系法规限制了工会的权力。legislature英 [ˈledʒɪsleɪtʃə(r)] 美 [ˈlɛdʒɪˌsletʃɚ]n.立法机关; 立法机构; 立法部; （特指）州议会 The proposals before the legislature include the creation of two special courts to deal exclusively with violent crimes. 呈交立法机关的提案内容包括成立两个专门审理暴力犯罪的特别法庭。
“building“是什么意思
“building“的意思是：n. 建筑；建筑物 、v. 建筑；建立；增加（build的ing形式）
1、读音：英 [’bɪldɪŋ] 、美 [’bɪldɪŋ]
2、相关短语：
green building 绿色建筑 ; 绿建筑 ; 绿色生态建筑 ; 绿色修建
Chrysler Building 克莱斯勒大厦 ; 美国克莱斯勒大厦
Wrigley Building 箭牌大厦 ; 莱格利大厦
3、例句：
If not, please do that, as we are going to be building off stage 1 in our next tutorial.
如果不是，请这样做，因为我们将要建设的起飞阶段，在我们的下一个1教程。
扩展资料：
“building“的词根介绍：build
1、读音：英 [bɪld]、美 [bɪld]
2、表达意思：vt. 建立；建筑 、vi. 建筑；建造 、n. 构造；体形；体格
3、相关词组：
build contacts 建立专业性之联系
Build Info 编译信息 ; 组建信息 ; 编译消息 ; 构建信息
release build 发布版本 ; 发行的组建 ; 发行的编译版 ; 发行版
4、例句：
Developers are now proposing to build a hotel on the site.
开发商们现在正提议在这个地方建造一座宾馆。